Vernier calipers are precision measuring instruments used to measure: 1. *Internal dimensions*: Diameter of holes, pipes, or tubes. 2. *External dimensions*: Width, thickness, or diameter of objects. 3. *Depth*: Depth of holes, slots, or cavities. They offer high accuracy and precision, typically up to 0.01 mm or 0.001 inches, making them ideal for various applications in: - Engineering - Machining - Quality control - Science education - Precision manufacturing Vernier calipers are versatile too