The theory that statesman and scientist Francis Bacon was the ghostwriter behind Shakespeare, and embedded the Bard's plays with ciphers, had a major influence on modern cryptography. William F.

Introduction to ciphers and substitution. Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: terminology and Caesar Cipher ; The key to the matter: generalizing the Caesar Cipher ; Multiplicative ciphers ; Affine ...

1. Introduction -- 2. From Julius Caesar to simple substitution -- 3. Polyalphabetic systems -- 4. Jigsaw ciphers -- 5. Two-letter ciphers -- 6. Codes -- 7. Ciphers for spies -- 8. Producing random ...

GameSpot may get a commission from retail offers. Destiny 2's Exotic ciphers continue to be a rare currency to get your hands in a consistent manner. Whether you're looking to stock up on past Exotic ...

From bizarre ancient markings to random numbers and letters, codes and ciphers have been used for millennia to send secret messages, hide identities and operate outside the law. Unravelling these ...